7 国際: 2017年9月アーカイブ

Authors: Takano, Y., Ukezono, M., Nakashima, S. F. (中嶋智史), Takahashi, N., & Hironaka, N.

Title: Learning of efficient behaviour in spatial exploration through observation of behaviour of conspecific in laboratory rats.

Journal(書誌情報）: Royal Society Open Science,  4, 170121

doi: DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170121

論文URL: http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/4/9/170121

Abstract: Recent studies have suggested that rodent behaviour is influenced by the behaviour of surrounding conspecifics (e.g. emotional contagion and prosocial behaviour). However, little is known about deferred imitation and complex observational learning in rats. The purpose of this study was to reveal whether rats can learn from another rat's experiences. In a maze, observer rats watched the foraging behaviour of other rats (demonstrators) and then foraged in turn. The results showed that demonstrators explored inefficiently, but observers explored more efficiently after observing inefficient exploration by the demonstrators. This observational learning probably involved the acquisition of an efficient strategy through spatial exploration.

著者Contact先の email: ytakano[at]mail.doshisha.ac.jp（[at]を@に変更してください。）

Authors: Masataka Nakayama（中山真孝）and Satoru Saito（齊藤智）

Title: Position-element frequency learning is dissociable from Hebb repetition learning

Journal(書誌情報）: Journal of Memory and Language, Volume 94, June 2017, Pages 235-253

doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2016.11.007

論文URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X16302479?via%3Dihub

Abstract:
Position-element association has been extensively investigated as a mechanism for serial order memory and has been widely implemented in models of short-term memory. This study examined whether and how the position-element association is learned as a form of long-term knowledge dissociated from other forms of knowledge such as sequence knowledge acquired in the Hebb list repetition paradigm. Laboratory learning experiments demonstrated that repeated exposure to a specific position-element association facilitated subsequent recall of the position-element association with experimental control of other aspects of to-be-learned statistical structure of the artificial phonotactics. The experiments also demonstrated that the positional frequency learning was more gradual than Hebb list learning, suggesting a dissociation of the two forms of learning. Functional roles of these two forms of learning were discussed.

著者Contact先の email:
masataka.nakayama.mn [at] gmail.com (M. Nakayama), or saito.satoru.2z [at] kyoto-u.ac.jp (S. Saito).

Authors: Toshiki Saito, Rui Nouchi, Hikari Kinjo, Ryuta Kawashima
Title:Gaze Bias in Preference Judgments by Younger and Older Adults
Journal(書誌情報）: Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00285
論文URL:http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00285
Abstract:Individuals' gaze behavior reflects the choice they will ultimately make. For example, people confronting a choice among multiple stimuli tend to look longer at stimuli that are subsequently chosen than at other stimuli. This tendency, called the gaze bias effect, is a key aspect of visual decision-making. Nevertheless, no study has examined the generality of the gaze bias effect in older adults. Here, we used a two-alternative forced-choice task (2AFC) to compare the gaze behavior reflective of different stages of decision processes demonstrated by younger and older adults. Participants who had viewed two faces were instructed to choose the one that they liked/disliked or the one that they judged to be more/less similar to their own face. Their eye movements were tracked while they chose. The results show that the gaze bias effect occurred during the remaining time in both age groups irrespective of the decision type. However, no gaze bias effect was observed for the preference judgment during the first dwell time. Our study demonstrated that the gaze bias during the remaining time occurred regardless of decision-making task and age. Further study using diverse participants, such as clinic patients or infants, may help to generalize the gaze bias effect and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the gaze bias.
著者Contact先の email: toshiki.saito[at]med.tohoku.ac.jp（[at]を@に変更してください。）

②
Authors:
Kobayashi, Y., Matsushita, S., & Morikawa, K. (小林勇輝・松下戦具・森川和則)

Title:
Effects of lip color on perceived lightness of human facial skin
(唇の色が肌の明るさ知覚に与える効果)

Journal(書誌情報):
i-Perception, 8(4), 2017

doi: 10.1177/2041669517717500

論文URL:
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2041669517717500

Abstract:
Whereas geometric illusions in human faces have been reported by
several studies, illusions of color or lightness in faces have seldom
been explored. Here, we psychophysically investigated whether lip
color influences facial skin's perceived lightness. Results of
Experiment 1 demonstrated that redder lips lightened and darker lips
darkened the perceived complexion. These lightness or darkness
inducing effects differ from the classical illusion of lightness
contrast in nonface objects for two reasons. First, illusory effects
are more assimilative than contrastive. Second, the inducing area
(i.e., lips) is much smaller than the influenced area (facial skin).
Experiment 2 showed that the assimilative lightness induction was
caused by holistic processing of faces. This is the first study to
scientifically substantiate the claim of cosmetics manufacturers and
makeup artists that lip colors can alter perceived facial skin color.
Implications for face perception, lightness illusion, and perceptual
effects of cosmetics are discussed.

著者Contact先の email:
y-kobayashi[at]hus.osaka-u.ac.jp (小林勇輝)

日本語によるコメント（オプション，200-300字で）:
化粧業界でときたま取り上げられる「口紅を使うことで肌の明るさが変わって見える」という言説を，心理物理学的手法によって検証しました。結果として，唇を暗くすることで肌が暗く見え，唇を赤くすることで肌が明るく見えることが明らかとなりました。この現象は①同化傾向の色誘導である点②小領域が大領域に影響する点の2点において一般物体の色誘導と異なる傾向を示しています。倒立顔を用いた実験ではこの効果が著しく弱まることが確認され，全体処理によって引き起こされる顔特有の色誘導現象があることが示されました。（小林）