7 国際: 2014年8月アーカイブ
Authors: Ryoma Yamada, Yukio Itsukushima, Tanjeem Azad, & D. Stephen Lindsay
Title: Schema Provoke False
Knowing Even When Schema-Consistent Targets Had Not Been Presented
Journal(書誌情報）: International Journal of Psychological Studies, Volume 6, No 3,
pages 62-70, September 2014
doi: 10.5539/ijps.v6n3p62
pages 62-70, September 2014
doi: 10.5539/ijps.v6n3p62
論文URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v6n3p62
Abstract:
Human memory is not always an accurate record of experienced events. Information that has never been
experienced but is consistent with a relevant schema is sometimes mistaken as memory, giving rise to false
memories. In this study, we focused on whether schema can provoke false memory for actions and for objects
even when schema-consistent targets had not been presented. We presented schema-inconsistent actions and
schema-inconsistent objects in a slide sequence depicting a kitchen. Later, we administered an old/new
recognition test with remember/know judgments and Perception/Thought/Emotion/Context ratings for
schema-inconsistent targets, schema-consistent distracters, and schema-inconsistent distracters. Both for the
actions and the objects, participants more often falsely recognized schema-consistent distracters than
schema-inconsistent distracters. That is, memory can be reconstructed along the scene schema, provoking false
memory. However, these false memories were not typically accompanied by "remember" judgments but rather
by "know" judgments. The similarity between schema-consistent targets and schema-consistent distracters is an
essential factor for false recollection.
experienced but is consistent with a relevant schema is sometimes mistaken as memory, giving rise to false
memories. In this study, we focused on whether schema can provoke false memory for actions and for objects
even when schema-consistent targets had not been presented. We presented schema-inconsistent actions and
schema-inconsistent objects in a slide sequence depicting a kitchen. Later, we administered an old/new
recognition test with remember/know judgments and Perception/Thought/Emotion/Context ratings for
schema-inconsistent targets, schema-consistent distracters, and schema-inconsistent distracters. Both for the
actions and the objects, participants more often falsely recognized schema-consistent distracters than
schema-inconsistent distracters. That is, memory can be reconstructed along the scene schema, provoking false
memory. However, these false memories were not typically accompanied by "remember" judgments but rather
by "know" judgments. The similarity between schema-consistent targets and schema-consistent distracters is an
essential factor for false recollection.
日本語によるコメント:
特定の場所の記憶について，その場所のスキーマに一致する項目が全く提示されていなかった場合でも，スキーマに一致する形で偽記憶が生じるかを検討した。具体的には，スキーマに一致しない行為と物品を提示し，その再認成績と想起意識を比較検討した。
結果，行為でも物品でも，スキーマに一致する妨害刺激に対して虚再認が生じていたが，特に物品で顕著であった。
スキーマに一致する項目が提示されなくとも，その場所のレイアウトによってスキーマが活性化し，虚偽記憶を生じさせると考えられる。
ただし，虚回想には至らなかった。虚回想が生じるには，ターゲットと妨害刺激の類似性が必要と
考えられる。
Authors:
Ryuma Kuribayashi, Ryuta Yamamoto, & Hiroshi Nittono
Title:
High-resolution music with inaudible high-frequency components produces a lagged
effect on human electroencephalographic activities
Journal:
NeuroReport, 25(9), 657ー661.
doi:
10.1097/WNR.000000000000015
論文URL (DOIが間違ってリンクされているので PubMed からどうぞ）:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24722228
Abstract:
High-quality digital sound sources with inaudible high-frequency components
(above 20 kHz) have become available because of recent advances in information
technology. Listening to such sounds has been shown to increase the [alpha]-band
power of an electroencephalogram (EEG). The present study scrutinized the time
course of this effect by recording EEG along with autonomic measures (skin
conductance level and heart rate) and facial electromyograms (corrugator
supercilii and zygomaticus major). Twenty university students (19-24 years old)
listened to two types of a 200-s musical excerpt (J. S. Bach's French Suite No.
5) with or without inaudible high-frequency components using a double-blind
method. They were asked to rate the sound quality and to judge which excerpt
contained high-frequency components. High-alpha EEG power (10.5-13 Hz) was
larger for the excerpt with high-frequency components than for the excerpt
without them. This effect was statistically significant only in the last quarter
of the period (150-200 s). Participants were not able to distinguish between
the excerpts, which did not produce any discernible differences in subjective,
autonomic, and facial muscle measures. This study shows that inaudible high-
frequency components have an impact on human brain activity without conscious
awareness. Unlike a standard test for sound quality, at least 150 s of exposure
is required to examine this effect in future research.
著者Contact先の email:
nittono@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
日本語によるコメント
「耳には聞こえない2万ヘルツ以上の音を含むディジタル音源を聴いているときは，同じ
音源で高周波帯域をカットしたものを聴いているときに比べて，意識的には違いが分から
ないのに，高周波アルファ帯域の脳波パワーが増大する」という研究です。ハイパーソニ
ック（hypersonic）効果として20年以上前から知られている現象ですが，今回は二重盲検
法で追試し，効果が生じるまでに聴取開始から最低150秒かかるという遅れ時間を確定し
ました。ただし，効果量が非常に小さいため，現在はさらに長い聴取区間を用いた確認実
験を行っています。
Authors: Ryuma Kuribayashi & Hiroshi Nittono Title: Speeding up the tempo of background sounds accelerates the pace of behavior Journal: Psychology of Music (in press) doi: 10.1177/0305735614543216 論文URL: http://pom.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/07/22/0305735614543216 Abstract: Hearing fast-tempo music in the background is shown to affect the pace of motor behavior. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. We investigated how tempo influences behavioral pace in a simple perceptual-motor task in which participants heard background sound sequences (30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 bpm) while performing a line-tracing task. The order of the tempo conditions (ascending vs. descending series of tempo) was manipulated. When sound sequences changed from slower to faster tempi (that is, ascending series), behavioral pace accelerated. However, the pace did not change in the descending series. The subjective arousal level increased under faster tempo sounds regardless of tempo series. The results indicated that the ongoing tempo of background sounds did not determine the behavioral pace directly through increased arousal or perceptual-motor synchronization. Not only the ongoing tempo but also the preceding tempo of background sounds is shown to be an important factor for behavioral pace change. 著者Contact先の email: ryuma.kuribayashi@gmail.com 日本語によるコメント： 「背景音のテンポを上げると，単純な知覚運動課題における遂行ペースが速くなる」とい う研究です。よくありそうなテーマですが，論文になっているものはそれほど多くありま せん。従来の研究との違いは，系列（文脈）の効果を考慮した点です。遅いテンポから徐 々にテンポを上げていくと遂行ペースは上がるが，最初に速いテンポを聞かせて徐々に下 げていっても遂行ペースは変化しないことが分かりました。正しいペースというものが存 在しない知覚運動課題では，背景音のテンポが増加する方向に変化したときだけ，行動ペ ースに影響を与える手がかりになると考えられます。
