7 国際: 2017年3月アーカイブ
Authors: Yoshimasa Majima, Kaoru Nishiyama, Aki Nishihara, Ryosuke, Hata
Title: Conducting Online Behavioral Research Using Crowdsourcing Services in Japan
Journal(書誌情報）: Frontiers in Psychology, 8:378, 2017.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00378
論文URL: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00378/full
Abstract:
Recent research on human behavior has often collected empirical data from the
online labor market, through a process known as crowdsourcing. As well as the
United States and the major European countries, there are several crowdsourcing
services in Japan. For research purpose, Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is the
widely used platform among those services. Previous validation studies have shown
many commonalities between MTurk workers and participants from traditional samples
based on not only personality but also performance on reasoning tasks. The present
study aims to extend these findings to non-MTurk (i.e., Japanese) crowdsourcing
samples in which workers have different ethnic backgrounds from those of MTurk.
We conducted three surveys (N = 426, 453, 167, respectively) designed to compare
Japanese crowdsourcing workers and university students in terms of their
demographics, personality traits, reasoning skills, and attention to instructions.
The results generally align with previous studies and suggest that non-MTurk
participants are also eligible for behavioral research. Furthermore, small screen
devices are found to impair participants' attention to instructions. Several
recommendations concerning this sample are presented.
著者Contact先の email:
majima.y[at]hokusei.ac.jp
Title: Conducting Online Behavioral Research Using Crowdsourcing Services in Japan
Journal(書誌情報）: Frontiers in Psychology, 8:378, 2017.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00378
論文URL: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00378/full
Abstract:
Recent research on human behavior has often collected empirical data from the
online labor market, through a process known as crowdsourcing. As well as the
United States and the major European countries, there are several crowdsourcing
services in Japan. For research purpose, Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is the
widely used platform among those services. Previous validation studies have shown
many commonalities between MTurk workers and participants from traditional samples
based on not only personality but also performance on reasoning tasks. The present
study aims to extend these findings to non-MTurk (i.e., Japanese) crowdsourcing
samples in which workers have different ethnic backgrounds from those of MTurk.
We conducted three surveys (N = 426, 453, 167, respectively) designed to compare
Japanese crowdsourcing workers and university students in terms of their
demographics, personality traits, reasoning skills, and attention to instructions.
The results generally align with previous studies and suggest that non-MTurk
participants are also eligible for behavioral research. Furthermore, small screen
devices are found to impair participants' attention to instructions. Several
recommendations concerning this sample are presented.
著者Contact先の email:
majima.y[at]hokusei.ac.jp
Authors: Yoshimasa Majima
Title: The Feasibility of a Japanese Crowdsourcing Service for Experimental Research in Psychology
Journal(書誌情報）: SAGE Open, 7(1), 2017.
doi: 10.1177/2158244017698731
論文URL: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2158244017698731
Abstract:
Recent studies have empirically validated the data obtained from Amazon's Mechanical Turk.
Amazon's Mechanical Turk workers behaved similarly not only in simple surveys but also in tasks
used in cognitive behavioral experiments that employ multiple trials and require
continuous attention to the task. The present study aimed to extend these findings
to data from Japanese crowdsourcing pool in which participants have different
ethnic backgrounds from Amazon's Mechanical Turk workers. In five cognitive
experiments, such as the Stroop and Flanker experiments, the reaction times and
error rates of Japanese crowdsourcing workers and those of university students
were compared and contrasted. The results were consistent with those of previous
studies, although the students responded more quickly and poorly than the workers.
These findings suggested that the Japanese crowdsourcing sample is another eligible participant
pool in behavioral research; however, further investigations are needed to
address issues of qualitative differences between student and worker samples.
著者Contact先の email:
majima.y[at]hokusei.ac.jp
Title: The Feasibility of a Japanese Crowdsourcing Service for Experimental Research in Psychology
Journal(書誌情報）: SAGE Open, 7(1), 2017.
doi: 10.1177/2158244017698731
論文URL: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2158244017698731
Abstract:
Recent studies have empirically validated the data obtained from Amazon's Mechanical Turk.
Amazon's Mechanical Turk workers behaved similarly not only in simple surveys but also in tasks
used in cognitive behavioral experiments that employ multiple trials and require
continuous attention to the task. The present study aimed to extend these findings
to data from Japanese crowdsourcing pool in which participants have different
ethnic backgrounds from Amazon's Mechanical Turk workers. In five cognitive
experiments, such as the Stroop and Flanker experiments, the reaction times and
error rates of Japanese crowdsourcing workers and those of university students
were compared and contrasted. The results were consistent with those of previous
studies, although the students responded more quickly and poorly than the workers.
These findings suggested that the Japanese crowdsourcing sample is another eligible participant
pool in behavioral research; however, further investigations are needed to
address issues of qualitative differences between student and worker samples.
著者Contact先の email:
majima.y[at]hokusei.ac.jp
Authors:
Hidehito Honda
Yuichi Washida
Akihito Sudo
Yuichiro Wajima
Keigo Awata
Kazuhiro Ueda
Title:
The difference in foresight using the scanning method between experts and non-experts
Journal:
Technological Forecasting and Social Change
doi:
10.1016/j.techfore.2017.03.005
論文URL:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004016251730313X
Abstract:
We examined the factors that produce differences in generating scenarios on the near future using the scanning method. Participants were asked to briefly read (scan) 151 articles about new technology, the latest customs, fashion, social change, value system transition, or emerging social problems, and then to generate three scenarios about the near future based on the articles. We compared the generated scenarios between scanning method experts and non-experts with no prior experience with the scanning method. We found that experts generated more unique scenarios than non-experts did, and that experts and non-experts differed in the diversity of articles referenced when generating scenarios. We discuss the relationship between the present findings and previous findings on divergent thinking.
著者Contact先の email:
[at]を@に変換してください
Hidehito Honda, hitohonda.02[at]gmail.com
Kazuhiro Ueda, ueda[at]gregorio.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp
日本語によるコメント
現実のビジネス場面で用いられている近未来（15-20年）に関する発想支援法である未来洞察法のエキスパート（コンサルタント）と、それを初めて用いるノンエキスパート（会社員）の間で、アイデア生成の際に見られる違いを実験的に検証しました。結果として、エキスパートはノンエキスパートに比べ、多様な視点を持ち、より独創性の高いアイデアを生成していることを明らかにしました。この知見から、現実のビジネス場面において、
より創造性の高いアイデアを発想するための支援に関して、議論と提言を行いました。
Authors: Kuribayashi, R., & Nittono, H.
Title: High-resolution audio with inaudible high-frequency components induces a relaxed attentional state without conscious awareness (聞こえない高周波成分を含むハイレゾ音源を聞くと意識には上らないがリラックスした注意状態が生じる)
Journal(書誌情報）: Frontiers in Psychology, 8:93
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00093
論文URL:
Abstract: High-resolution audio has a higher sampling frequency and a greater bit depth than conventional low-resolution audio such as compact disks. The higher sampling frequency enables inaudible sound components (above 20 kHz) that are cut off in low-resolution audio to be reproduced. Previous studies of high-resolution audio have mainly focused on the effect of such high-frequency components. It is known that alpha-band power in a human electroencephalogram (EEG) is larger when the inaudible high-frequency components are present than when they are absent. Traditionally, alpha-band EEG activity has been associated with arousal level. However, no previous studies have explored whether sound sources with high-frequency components affect the arousal level of listeners. The present study examined this possibility by having 22 participants listen to two types of a 400-s musical excerpt of French Suite No. 5 by J. S. Bach (on cembalo, 24-bit quantization, 192 kHz A/D sampling), with or without inaudible high-frequency components, while performing a visual vigilance task. High-alpha (10.5-13 Hz) and low-beta (13-20 Hz) EEG powers were larger for the excerpt with high-frequency components than for the excerpt without them. Reaction times and error rates did not change during the task and were not different between the excerpts. The amplitude of the P3 component elicited by target stimuli in the vigilance task increased in the second half of the listening period for the excerpt with high-frequency components, whereas no such P3 amplitude change was observed for the other excerpt without them. The participants did not distinguish between these excerpts in terms of sound quality. Only a subjective rating of inactive pleasantness after listening was higher for the excerpt with high-frequency components than for the other excerpt. The present study shows that high-resolution audio that retains high-frequency components has an advantage over similar and indistinguishable digital sound sources in which such components are artificially cut off, suggesting that high-resolution audio with inaudible high-frequency components induces a relaxed attentional state without conscious awareness.
著者Contact先の email: nittono[at]hus.osaka-u.ac.jp (入戸野 宏)
日本語によるコメント: 耳には聞こえない高周波成分（> 20 kHz）を残したディジタル音源（ハイレゾ）と，それをカットした同じ音源は，意識的には区別できません。しかし，前者を聴取すると脳波のアルファ帯域パワーが増大します。その心理学的意義を調べるために，今回の実験では，2つの音源間で視覚ヴィジランス課題の成績を比較しました。その結果，高周波成分を残した音源を聴くと，アルファ帯域パワーが増えるが，行動成績は低下しないこと，事象関連電位のP3（P300）成分の振幅が聴取期間の後半で増加することが分かりました。これらの知見は，高周波帯域を残した音源は，眠気を誘うのではなく，注意状態を高める効果があることを示唆しています。
Authors: Tagai, K., Shimakura, H., Isobe, H., & Nittono, H.
Title: The light-makeup advantage in facial processing: Evidence from event-related potentials (顔処理におけるライトメークの優位性：事象関連電位による証拠)
Journal(書誌情報）: PLoS ONE, 12(2): e0172489
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172489
論文URL:
Abstract: The effects of makeup on attractiveness have been evaluated using mainly subjective measures. In this study, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from a total of 45 Japanese women (n = 23 and n = 22 for Experiment 1 and 2, respectively) to examine the neural processing of faces with no makeup, light makeup, and heavy makeup. To have the participants look at each face carefully, an identity judgement task was used: they were asked to judge whether the two faces presented in succession were of the same person or not. The ERP waveforms in response to the first faces were analyzed. In two experiments with different stimulus probabilities, the amplitudes of N170 and vertex positive potential (VPP) were smaller for faces with light makeup than for faces with heavy makeup or no makeup. The P1 amplitude did not differ between facial types. In a subsequent rating phase, faces with light makeup were rated as more attractive than faces with heavy makeup and no makeup. The results suggest that the processing fluency of faces with light makeup is one of the reasons why light makeup is preferred to heavy makeup and no makeup in daily life.
著者Contact先の email: keiko.tagai[at]to.shiseido.co.jp (互 恵子),
nittono[at]hus.osaka-u.ac.jp (入戸野 宏)
日本語によるコメント: 前報（Frontiers in Psychology, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00226）において，ナチュラルなライトメークは，濃いヘビーメークよりも再認成績がよいことを報告しました。今回は，ライトメークを見た直後の脳電位を測定することで，化粧顔の処理について検討しました。ライトメークは，素顔やヘビーメークに比べて，N170成分（刺激提示後120-170 ms）の振幅が小さくなりました。それ以前のP1成分（80-110 ms）の振幅には差が認められませんでした。この知見は，濃すぎないナチュラルなメークを行うことにより，顔を見たときの処理が容易になることを示しています。印象評価では、ナチュラルメークの方がヘビーメークよりも魅力的と評価されていました。
