7 国際: 2013年8月アーカイブ

Authors:
Masasi Hattori, Steven A. Sloman, & Ryo Orita
（服部雅史，スティーブン・スローマン，織田涼）

Title:
Effects of subliminal hints on insight problem solving

Journal(書誌情報）:
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(4), 790-797

doi:
10.3758/s13423-013-0389-0

論文URL:
http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758%2Fs13423-013-0389-0.pdf

Abstract:
Two experiments tested a total of 509 participants on insight problems
(the radiation problem and the nine-dot problem). Half of the
participants were first exposed to a 1-min movie that included a
subliminal hint. The hint raised the solution rate of people who did
not recognize it. In addition, the way they solved the problem was
affected by the hint. In Experiment 3, a novel technique was introduced
to address some methodological concerns raised by Experiments 1 and 2.
A total of 80 participants solved the 10-coin problem, and half of them
were exposed to a subliminal hint. The hint facilitated solving the
problem, and it shortened the solution time. Some implications of
subliminal priming for research on and theorizing about insight problem
solving are discussed.

著者Contact先の email:
hat@lt.ritsumei.ac.jp

日本語によるコメント:
実験1と2では，のべ509名の参加者が洞察問題解決（放射線問題と9点問題）を解
いた。うち半数の参加者が，閾下ヒントを含む1分間の映像を見た。ヒントは，
参加者に気づかれることはなく解決率を上昇させただけでなく，参加者の解き方
にも影響を与えた。実験3では，実験1と2で疑われた方法論的問題を解消するた
め，新しい実験手法が導入された。80名の参加者が10枚硬貨問題に取り組み，う
ち半数が閾下ヒントを与えられた。ヒントは，解決率と解決時間を促進した。洞
察問題の研究手段としての閾下プライミングの意味，および問題解決の理論化に
向けての意義について論じた。

Authors: Ryoma Yamada, & Yukio Itsukushima
Title: The schema provokes a disparity of false recollection between
actions and objects in an everyday scene
Journal(書誌情報）: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, Volume 54, Issue 4,
pages 276-282, August 2013
doi: 10.1111/sjop.12051
論文URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sjop.12051/abstract
Abstract:
We explored the effect of the schema on recognition memories and
subjective experiences for actions and objects in an everyday scene. At
first, participants watched slides of a man cooking in a kitchen. The
man performed schema-consistent actions, and schema-consistent objects
were left. After watching the slides, participants completed a
recognition test, a remember/know test, and a
Perception/Thought/Emotion/Context questionnaire. We confirmed three
main results. First, participants made more false recognitions for
schema-consistent distracters than for schema-inconsistent distracters
with more "remember" judgments accompanied by perceptual, thought, and
contextual details, and with more "know" judgments. Second, participants
made more false recognitions for schema-consistent object distracters
than for schema-consistent action distracters. Third, participants more
frequently recognized schema-consistent action targets than
schema-consistent object targets with more "remember" judgments. Both
action memory and object memory were reconstructed under the schema,
provoking false recognitions for schema-consistent distracters. However,
the memories of schema-consistent action targets were so recollective
that they could prevent false recognitions for schema-consistent action
distracters.
著者Contact先の email: ryom_cc@yahoo.co.jp
日本語によるコメント: 日常的な場面のスキーマが行為と物品の再認記憶と想起
意識に及ぼす影響を検討した。スキーマがエピソード記憶に及ぼす影響を検討し
た先行研究と，目撃証言の記憶研究を基にしたものである。本研究では，ター
ゲット刺激として，特定の場所のスキーマに一致する行為と物品を画像で提示し
た。場所スキーマが活性化したため，行為でも物品でもスキーマ一致妨害刺激に
対して虚再認が生じたが，物品に対してより生じており，Remember判断も伴って
いた。スキーマ一致行為ターゲット刺激がRemember判断を伴って再認されていた
結果を踏まえると，スキーマ一致行為妨害刺激に対する虚再認・虚回想が抑制さ
れたと考えられる。 

Authors:　
Shinohara, K., Naito, H., Matsui, Y. & Hikono, M.

Title:
The effects of"finger pointing and calling"on cognitive control
processes in the task-switching paradigm

Journal(書誌情報）:
International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics

doi:
10.1016/j.ergon.2012.08.004

論文URL:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169814112000728

Abstract:
"Finger pointing and calling (FPC)," also known simply as "
pointing and calling," is an operational procedure to prevent
human error and has been used extensively in Japanese industry.
Although the effectiveness of FPC has been widely recognized,
cognitive processes underlying FPC have not been thoroughly
investigated. The current study focused on the effect of FPC
on cognitive control processes responsible for the supervisory
attentional system including the retrieval and activation of
working memory. In the experiment, a task-switching paradigm
was adopted. Twenty participants had to make a binary decision
about two presented digits according to one of three task rules.
Task rules to be applied were presented by a cue immediately
before presenting the digits. Participants took part in a mixed
rule session in which they had to switch the task rule from
one trial to the next, and a single rule session in which a
specific rule was applied throughout the session. FPC to the
cue was incorporated. Results showed that in the mixed rule
condition, the reaction was significantly faster when FPC was
performed compared to when FPC was not performed. Even though
 the reaction became faster in the mixed rule condition with
 FPC, the accuracy of response was not affected. However,
the preparation time, which was required for retrieving and
activating the rule used for the current trial, was affected
by performing FPC. In addition, the level of subjective mental
workload did not change by applying FPC, which suggests that
FPC was nonintrusive to the main task. These findings suggest
that FPC facilitates the cognitive control processes of the
supervisory attentional system, and that FPC was especially
useful for the signal that requested operators to select
something from memorized alternatives according to the content
of the signal.

著者Contact先の email:
sinohara@hus.osaka-u.ac.jp

Authors:
Oi, M., Saito, H., Li, Z., & Zhao, W.

Title:
Co-speech gesture production in an animation-narration task by bilinguals:
A near-infrared spectroscopy study

Journal:
Brain & Language

doi:
10.1016/j.bandl.2013.01.004

論文URL:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0093934X13000205

Abstract:
To examine the neural mechanism of co-speech gesture production, we
measured brain activity of bilinguals during an animation-narration task
using near-infrared spectroscopy. The task of the participants was to
watch two stories via an animated cartoon, and then narrate the contents
in their first language (Ll) and second language (L2), respectively. The
participants showed significantly more gestures in L2 than in L1. The
number of gestures lowered at the ending part of the narration in L1,
but not in L2. Analyses of concentration changes of oxygenated
hemoglobin revealed that activation of the left inferior frontal gyrus
(IFG) significantly increased during gesture production, while
activation of the left posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS)
significantly decreased in line with an increase in the left IFG. These
brain activation patterns suggest that the left IFG is involved in the
gesture production, and the left pSTS is modulated by the speech load.



日本語によるコメント（オプション，200-300字で）:
発話に伴う身振産出に関わる脳内機構を検討するために，アニメーション伝達課
題を遂行中の二言語併用者の脳活動を近赤外分光法で計測した。実験参加者の課
題は，2種類のアニメーションの観察後に，それぞれの内容を母語（L1）または
第二言語（L2）で伝達することであった。実験参加者は，L2でL1よりも多くの身
振を示した。身振の産出数は，L1では伝達の終盤で減少したが，L2ではこの減少
は認められなかった。脳賦活量は，左下前頭回（IFG）において身振の産出中に
増加し，それに伴い，左上側頭溝（pSTS）では低減した。これらの脳賦活パター
ンは，左IFGが身振の産出に関与し，左pSTSが発話の負荷を反映することを示唆
する。

著者Contact先の email:
saito@is.nagoya-u.ac.jp

Authors:
Liu, T., Saito, H., Oi, M., & Pelowski, M.

Title:
Appraisal of a copresent observer as supportive activates the left
inferior parietal lobule: A near-infrared spectroscopy study using a
driving video game

Journal:
NeuroReport

doi:
10.1097/WNR.0b013e328357bb3b

論文URL:
http://journals.lww.com/neuroreport/Abstract/2012/10030/
Appraisal_of_a_copresent_observer_as_supportive.6.aspx

Abstract:
The role of the presence of others in a social context has been debated
widely. Although the importance of mutual cognitive functions between
performer and observer is generally accepted, little is known about the
neural correlates of paired performers and observers themselves. In this
near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) study we measured the activation in
the bilateral inferior parietal lobule (IPL) when driver-observer pairs
of participants performed a driving video game task. The performer's
task was to drive from start to goal using a default route map, while
their partner observed the performance. According to the performer's
subjective appraisal of the copresent observer obtained after the
driving task, the pairs were divided into three groups: supportive,
nonsupportive, and neutral. The driving time, error, and tension score
did not show significant differences between the three groups. However,
NIRS data of performers in the supportive group showed significantly
higher activation in the left IPL than those in the nonsupportive group,
but not in the right IPL. NIRS data of observers in the concerned two
groups did not show significant differences bilaterally in IPL. These
results suggest that the left IPL distinctively responds according to a
performer's cognitive appraisal of a copresent observer.


日本語によるコメント（オプション，200-300字で）:
近赤外分光法(NIRS)を用いて，運転ゲーム中の運転者役とその観察者の両側の
IPLでの賦活を計測した．運転遂行者の課題は所定経路図の運転であり，観察者
の課題はその遂行の観察であった．遂行者による観察者に対する主観的評価に
従って，実験参加者のペアは，3群に分割された: 支援，非支援，中立群。遂行
者の運転時間，誤反応数，緊張評価得点は，3群間で有意差を示さなかった。し
かし，NIRSデータは，観察者を支援的と評価した課題遂行者（支援群）の左IPL
でのみ，非支援群よりも有意に高い賦活を示した。これらの結果は，同席する観
察者への遂行者の「主観的な」評価に応じて，遂行者の左IPL反応が異なること
を示唆する。

著者Contact先の email:
saito@is.nagoya-u.ac.jp

Authors:
Suegami, T. and Laeng, B.

Title:
A left cerebral hemisphere's superiority in processing
spatial-categorical information in a non-verbal semantic format.

Journal:
Brain and Cognition

doi:
10.1016/j.bandc.2012.10.012

論文URL:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278262612001546

Abstract:
It has been shown that the left and right cerebral hemispheres (LH and
RH) respectively process qualita- tive or ''categorical'' spatial
relations and metric or ''coordinate'' spatial relations. However,
categorical spatial information could be thought as divided into two
types: semantically-coded and visuospatially- coded categorical
information. We examined whether a LH's advantage in processing
semantic-categor- ical information is observed in a non-verbal format,
and also whether semantic- and visuospatial-cate- gorical processing
are differentially lateralized. We manipulated the colors and
positions of the standard traffic light sign as semantic- and
visuospatial-categorical information respectively, and tested
performance with the divided visual field method. In the
semantic-categorical matching task, in which the participants judged
if the semantic-categorical information of a successive cue and target
was the same, a right visual field advantage was observed, suggesting
a LH's preference for processing seman- tic-categorical information in
a non-verbal format. In the visuospatial-categorical matching task, in
which the participants judged if the visuospatial-categorical
information of a successive cue and target was identical, a left
visual field advantage was obtained. These results suggest that the
processing of seman- tic-categorical information is lateralized in LH,
and we discuss the dissociation between the two types of categorical
information.

著者Contact先の email:
takashi.suegami@psykologi.uio.no